Synthesis growth and physico chemical investigations on Morpholinium based crystals for non linear optical limiting applications

Abstract

The latest advances in science and technology are aware of the unavoidable importance of single crystals in developing the future of technology. For the wide range of applications in many different fields, including photonics, optoelectronics, high-speed information processing, laser devices, optical data storage, optical switching, THz generation and detection, etc., researchers are paying close attention to the design and growth of effective Nonlinear Optical (NLO) single crystals. The stipulation for the previously mentioned applications necessitates the presence of sizeable single crystals displaying favourable physico-chemical properties. Owing to their intriguing physico-chemical characteristics and significant NLO response, morpholinium-based single crystals have attracted much attention from researchers in recent years for various optoelectronic and photonic applications. In this manner, the present thesis examines the synthesis, growth, and physico-chemical analyses of single crystals based on morpholinium, such as Morpholinium 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid (M35DS), Morpholinium Bromide (MBr), BisMorpholinium zinc bromide (BMZB), Bismorpholinium mercury (II) tetrabromide (BMMC) and Bis Morpholinium cadmium bromide (BMCB) for NLO application. Chapter 1 introduces the history and fundamental aspects of crystal growth. The phenomenon of nucleation and its types are explained. Different types of crystal growth methods are described. The Low-temperature solution growth approaches such as the Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST) and slow cooling. The theory of Nonlinear Optics (NLO) and the essential criteria of NLO single crystals have been discussed. Moreover, the Morpholinium and Morpholinium bromide, different characterisation techniques and the scope of the present thesis have been described. Chapter 2 A novel third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) active organic adduct, morpholinium 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid (M35DS) was synthesised, and single crystals of size 10 × 6 × 5 mm3 were grown from an aqueous s