Enhancing underwater Acoustic Sensor Network Performance by void Avoidance Energy Efficient and Secured Opportunistic Routing

Abstract

vi newlineABSTRACT newlineThe optimization of the distance between nodes in Underwater newlineAcoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) has been found to be an essential newlinecomponent in improving the energy efficiency of the network due to the newlinedynamic interaction of nodes moving with water currents. However, newlineUASNs face a significant challenge in the form of void hole occurrences, newlineadversely impacting network performance. The absence of forwarder newlinenodes (FNs) in these voids hinders data delivery, necessitating innovative newlinerouting solutions to prolong the network s lifespan. This research newlineaddresses these challenges by introducing a novel approach to void newlineavoidance in UASNs, emphasizing energy efficiency, depth analysis, and newlinesecurity. The suggested framework presents the secure opportunistic newlineenergy efficient void avoidance protocols (Se_Opp_EE_VA), a network newlinedepth analysis protocol that is implemented strategically. The suggested newlineendeavour extends the lifetime of the network by minimizing vacuum newlinezones and balancing network energy concerns with comprehensive newlineevaluation and security measures. Recognizing the need for newlinecomprehensive routing techniques, the research endeavours to overcome newlineconstraints and deliver energy-efficient routing solutions that circumvent newlineempty zones, thereby prolonging the overall network lifespan. newlineCentral to these efforts is the incorporation of the depth factor, newlinea key component in recent depth-based algorithms, employed to evaluate newlinethe route from senders to sink. These methods use holding time newlinecomputations to maximize information replications. Simulation results newlineunderscore the efficacy of the proposed Se_Opp_EE_VA, with notable newlinevii newlineimprovements, including an 81% enhancement in Quality of Service newline(QoS), a 92% boost in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), a 96% increase in newlineenergy efficiency, a 94% extension of network lifetime, and a 50% newlinereduction in end-to-end delay.