Magnetic Nanoparticle Assisted Synthesis of Industrally Active Heteroyclic Compounds

Abstract

The process of mediating a reaction in the presence of an external material is commonly newlinereferred to as catalysis. The reaction rate generally improves in the presence of this material, newlineand they do not participate in the chemical reactions. The homogeneous and heterogeneous newlinecatalysis are the commonly accepted processes, wherein catalysis and reaction medium would newlinebe in same and different phases respectively. Although homogeneous catalysis tends to proceed newlineat a rapid rate, the failure to recover the catalyst after the reaction impairs its full application. newlineIn this context, heterogeneous catalysis is researched over the years from the prospect of newlineutilising solid phase catalyst to drive the liquid phase medium reactions. The concept of newlineheterogeneous catalysts at small scale is well adopted in typical research laboratories for tasks newlinelike removal of colour, suspended particles, solid/ suspended byproducts, etc. When it comes newlineto industrial use, the catalysts are very much present for Contract Research and typically newlinesmall scale medicinal chemistry purpose. This segment of research is dominated by newlinehomogeneous rare earth metals which provide significant yield improvement, and the spent newlinecatalysts are given to incineration as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) norms or can newlinebe regenerated and recovered. The primary issue comes with bulk drug industry which typically newlineuses few kilograms/ tons of catalyst per year, and the bulk scale recovery of homogeneous newlinecatalyst at this scale is not practical and could be even dangerous for the environment. India is newlinethe global hub of pharmaceutical manufacturing, the need for the solid, yet the efficient catalyst newlineis well sought. The contract manufacturing chemical industry has bloomed in the last two newlinedecades and employs most chemists in India fully, wherein the Actively Pharmaceutical newlineIngredients (API) are manufactured in India on a contract basis. According to the CPCB newlineanalysis, pharmaceutical industry ranks as the highest polluting industry above textiles, mining, newlinecoal power plants and others. The property/uniqueness of heterogeneous catalysis which is easy newlineXII newlineto separate and isolate and yet give the performance of a homogeneous catalyst is the need of newlinethe hour. The bulk drug industry relies on razor-thin margins for its survival and often a 5% newlineprofit margin is considered adequate to accept a tens of tons of manufacturing a bulk drug. newlineEven improving yield by 10-20% at a reaction stage with the use of heterogeneous catalyst newlinewithout process modification could act as a boon for the industry which provides about 20% newlineof the organised sector s employment in India. The most prominent application of newlineheterogeneous catalyst has always been the low initial cost and easy recovery of the same.