Microbial assessment and antibiogram of bile gallstones and gallbladder tissue in cholecystectomized patients

Abstract

Gastrointestinal disorder cholelithiasis is reported to be associated with female reproductive age, parity and imbalance in the intestinal microbiome. The present study has been carried out to assess the microbial species associated with cholelithiasis by culturing bile, gallstones and gallbladder tissue obtained from 210 subjects. Bile proteome was also analyzed by Mass Spectrophotometry (TIMS-TOF- MS) and the metabolites identified were used to determine the non-culturable microbial species in bile. Eight bacterial species namely E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, E. cloacae, S. paratyphii, P. mirabilis and S.marcescens were identified by culturing. Studies on the antibiotic sensitivity indicated that combination of third generation cephalosporins (cefoperazone and sulbactam) is effective against these eight species. Mass spectroscopy of bile identified included 79 different proteins representing 26 immunomodulatory proteins, 3 coagulation proteins, 24 transport proteins, 5 structural proteins, 3 enzymatic (miscellaneous) proteins and 17 proteins of microbial origin belonging to Caenorhabditis elegans, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptococcus neoformans, E.coli, Eremothecium gossypii, Geobacter metallireducens, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus aeolicus, Microcystis aeruginosa, Neurospora crassa, Nitrosococcus oceani, Nostoc punctiforme, P.aeruginosa, Rippkaea orientalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Treponema pallidum were also identified. Possibility of using bile constituents haptoglobin, myeloperoxidases, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin and transferrin as biomarkers for cholelithiasis can further be explored through experimentation. newline