Clinico epidemiological diagnostic and therapeutic studies on tropical theileriosis in bovines

Abstract

The present study was conducted to study the diagnostic efficacy of molecular diagnostic newlinetechnique (PCR) with traditional technique (thin blood smear) routinely used for diagnosis of newlinetheileriosis in bovines, clinical epidemiology and clinical markers of tropical theileriosis in bovines, newlinealterations in trace minerals, cortisol and thyroxin status in bovine tropical theileriosis and therapeutic newlineefficacy of various therapeutic regimens on tropical theileriosis in buffaloes. newlineMolecular diagnostic technique (PCR) was found to be of maximum efficacy (78.62% and newline49.03%) followed by giemsa stained thin blood smear examination (49.03% and 20.00%) in cattle and newlinebuffaloes respectively. Highest prevalence in cattle and buffalo was recorded during the month of newlineApril and lowest prevalence was recorded during October month in cattle and December month in newlinebuffaloes. It has been found that higher prevalence of theileriosis recorded in female cattle in newlinecomparison to male and no variation on the basis of sex was observed in buffaloes. Significant newlineincrease in the prevalence was observed in cattle and buffaloes on the basis of age. Significant newlineincrease in the prevalence of theileriosis was observed in different breeds of cattle (cross breed have newlinehighest prevalence followed by in non-descript breed, Sahiwal breed and least in Haryana breed). newlineHowever, in buffaloes, no significant variations in the prevalence were recorded. Significant variation newlinewas observed in different parity of buffaloes, highest prevalence were recorded in buffaloes have gt 3 newlineparity, followed by 2-3 parity and followed by 1 parity while, lowest prevalence was recorded in zero newlineparity but no variation is observed in different parity of cattle. No variation was observed in the newlineprevalence of theileriosis in cattle and buffaloes on the basis of pregnancy. Predominant clinical signs newlineexhibited by the theileriosis in positive cattle were fever, tick infestation, enlarged lymph nodes, pale newlinemucous membranes, anorexia/inappetance, thin mucoid nasal discharge, respiratory distress, newlineemaciation/weakness, lacrimation, reduced milk yield and pica while in buffaloes fever, enlarged newlinelymph nodes, anorexia/inappetance, thin mucoid nasal discharge, respiratory distress, emaciation newline/weakness, lacrimation, reduced milk yield. newlineIt has been found that low levels of serum iron concentration in buffaloes in comparison to newlinehealthy buffaloes but no such variations were observed in cattle. Significant low levels of serum zinc newlineconcentration were observed in cattle in comparison to healthy cattle, but no such variations were newlineobserved in buffaloes. There were no variations recorded in healthy and diseases animals in newlineconcentration of manganese and copper. Significantly low levels of serum T3 concentration was newlineobserved in cattle in comparison to healthy cattle but no variations were observed in buffaloes. newlineSignificant low levels of serum T4 concentration was observed in theileria positive cattle and buffaloe newlinein comparison to healthy cattle and buffalo. Significant higher levels of serum cortisol concentration newlinewas observed in theileria positive cattle and buffaloes in comparison to healthy cattle and buffaloes.in newlineexpression study of various gene, it was observed that in IL 12 A gene 2.05 fold changes was newlineobserved infected adult cattle, INF and#945; gene 3.05 fold changes was observed in infected calves, INF and#945; newlinegene 3.05 fold changes was observed in infected calves, MAF-B gene 1.94 fold changes was observed newlinein infected calves and 2.3 fold changes was observed in infected adult cattle, BOLA DQ gene 5.29 newlinefold changes was observed in infected calves, TLR 4 gene 3.31 fold changes was observed in infected newlineadult cattle and TNF and#945; gene 5.02 fold changes was observed in infected calves. newlineTherapeutic efficacy of various therapeutic regimens was evaluated on the basis clinical newlineimprovement, disappearance of clinical signs and parasitological examination, hematological and newlinebiochemical values after treatment of positive cases. There was a reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC newlineand lymphocyte count and increase in neutrophil counts in all the positive cases before treatment (day newline0). In biochemical study the values of serum total protein, serum albumin and glucose was found newlinelower in all positive cases before treatment (day 0) while, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, cholesterol and newlinetriglyceride were found significantly higher in all positive cases before treatment (day 0). No newlinesignificant variation in serum creatinine concentration was found in various treatment groups of newlinetheileria positive buffaloes. On the basis best recovery was assessed in group IV (% recovery: 100) newlinetreated which Buparvaquone, Long acting Oxytetracycline, Furosemide and Isofluperidone followed newlineby group III (% recovery: 83.33) treated with Buparvaquone, Long acting Oxytetracycline and newlineFurosemide and least in group II (% recovery: 66.66) treated with Buparvaquone and Long acting newlineOxytetracycline. newline