Design and development of low sar antenna for mobile applications

Abstract

newline Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the master piece of the modern technology, which thrives towards the advancement of the applications using wireless communication protocols. A group of sensor nodes performing a desired function of measuring certain parameters or recording the circumstances communicates to the sink node or base station directly or through the cluster head. With the advent of the technology, the wireless sensor networks holds inevitable position in modern applications like smart city, health care monitoring system, smart surveillance systems and so on. The major challenges associated with the wireless sensor networks and its applications are the lifetime of node which directly controls of the lifetime of the network. As the nodes in the wireless sensor network are wireless in nature and were deployed in random, it could not be recharged in case of draining up. The nodes lose its energy during the data transmission to the cluster head or to the base station. Along with the data transmission, the nodes have to scan for the nearby neighbor nodes for the updation of the routing table, to determine the shortest path between the source node and the sink node. In this regard, it is essential to perform a detection of shortest path process and to form a cluster head among the group of nodes effectively in terms of energy consumption. The cluster head acts as the temporary head for the group of neighboring nodes, performing the communication in a centralized format reducing the load/burden of the member nodes. This increases the lifetime of the network by electing another node as the cluster head in case of draining of energy in the previous cluster head node. Various researches has been carried out extensively to elect the cluster head on multiple factors and to determine the shortest path to mitigate the energy iv iv consumption of the nodes.