Impact of Single Metal and Bimetal Doping on the Structural and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

In the current thesis, Cerium, Zirconium doped barium titanate was prepared by using the conventional newlinesolid-state reaction method. The base formula for the synthesis process was defined in two different newlineways. In the first stage, the synthesis process for Cerium doped barium titanate was carried out with newlinedifferent Ce concentrations. The base formula for the synthesis is [Ba1-xCe2x/3]TiO3 with x=1%-5%. newlineThe qualitative and quantitative studies were performed by using XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS, FESEM, newlineTEM, and the Impedance analyzer technique. The XRD data along with FTIR confirms the presence newlineof cerium in the material. The incorporation of Ce ions induces strain in the material and as the strain newlineinduces there is a change in the band gap concerning the bulk. The crystallite size was calculated using newlineScherrer and UDM methods. The particle size was estimated using FESEM and the distribution of the newlineparticle size was examined by using high-resolution TEM. The second stage synthesis was processed newlinewith varying Zr content with the variation in Ce content as 1% and 3%. The analysis was performed newlineby XRD, FTIR, FESEM, UV-VIS, and HR-TEM. The crystallite size estimation was performed by newlineScherrer and UDM method. The particle size was calculated using ImageJ software and the newlinedistribution of elements was concluded by the elemental data analysis. FESEM morpho-graphs show newlinea grain growth in the samples as the doping concentration increases. For the lower doping newlineconcentration, the impurity phase is detected with Ce1% and Zr (5%,10%,15%) while for higher newlineconcentrations only conclude the presence of the pure phase. newline