Design and Synthesis of Biocompatible Fluorescent Organic Inorganic Hybrid Materials from Naturally Derived Lawsone Isolated from Henna and Comparative Performance Evaluation with Synthetic Lawsone for Controlled Drug Delivery Sensing and Cellular Imaging Applications

Abstract

newlineMultifunctional materials, having the ability to combine multiple newlinefunctions into a single system, are of increasing importance these days, newlinetypically with the feasibility of adjoining drug delivery, sensing, and newlinebioimaging. Consequently, such systems would deliver drugs at a particular newlinesite of interest in the body along with simultaneous imaging of the newlineaforementioned site, and hence a real-time feedback of the effectiveness newlineof the treatment could be performed. Such a system would render targeted newlineand more precise treatments, offering better patient outcomes with newlineminimal side effects. Conventional materials face significant limitations, newlineincluding inadequate targeting, instability, low drug loading capacity, newlineunpredictable release rates, non-biodegradability, limited sensing and newlineimaging capabilities, photobleaching, minimal biocompatibility, and high newlinecosts, which hamper their effectiveness and utility. This has spurred interest newlinein the development of novel multifunctional materials, and this research is newlineaimed at developing porous, biocompatible, and intrinsically fluorescent newlineorganic-inorganic hybrid materials from synthetic and naturally derived newlinelawsones with controlled drug delivery, sensing, and cellular imaging newlinepotential. The initial phase of the study was focused on exploring synthetic newlinelawsone as the precursor for the development of metal organic frameworks newlineof Zn(II) and Fe(III) ions and organo-bentonites of chitosan and aromatic newlinealdehydes. In the subsequent stages, naturally derived (Lawsonia inermis) newlinelawsone was employed for the development of metal organic frameworks newlineand organo-bentonites.Ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin were selected as newlinerepresentative model drugs to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy, while histidine and tryptophan amino acids were employed as sensing moieties newlineto investigate their detection capabilities within the developed system. newline