IndiFluors Multicolor Functional Fluorophores for Bio Imaging

Abstract

Full-visible color-tunable small molecular xenobiotics are at the forefront of bio-imaging research. It received broad attention in multi-color organelle imaging through intracellular molecular interactions due to its non-invasive nature, simplicity, and high sensitivity. However, significant challenges are designing fluorophores with desired optical and biological properties due to their structural complexity, discussed in Chapter 1. In my doctoral thesis work, we first developed a unified design of an interesting molecular framework named IndiFluors (new fluorophore core scaffolds from India) in working Chapter 2. Furthermore, confocal fluorescence microscopic imaging helps us to see specific organelles and their dysfunctions during cellular oxidative stress by using the IndiFluors. In Chapter 3, a unique fluorescent probe for mitophagy has been developed. It shows great potential for cellular pH imaging and monitoring redox imbalance in live cells while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity. In Chapter 4, we have developed a couple of fluorescent probes that can monitor the chlorine-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme-induced ferroptosis process by using confocal microscopic images in HMC3 cells. These developed probes have the potential to be used as a commercial marker for detecting endogenous and exogenous reactive species in physiology by various molecular biological and biochemical methods at the cellular level. In Chapter 5, we developed a unique design strategy to detect lysosomal nitric oxide (NO) in live human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory activation of HMC3 by SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the phagocytosis process were monitored by this bio-probe. Thus, the new addition of our IndiFluors and its derivatives will be an effective chemical tool for developing new biomarkers and may provide an efficient therapeutics platform for disease diagnosis worldwide.