Detection of oseltamivir drug resistance in seasonal and pandemic influenza a 2009 h1n1 virus from patents at Jaipur

Abstract

Influenza is a known acute respiratory tract infection having common newlinesymptoms of fever, cough, myalgia, sore throats, sneezing, nasal obstruction and newlinediarrhea. It most commonly infects the upper respiratory tract. Swine Flu is a newlineusual name for H1N1 influenza as it is spread through pigs, however, it spreads from newlinehuman to human as well. The family Orthomyxovirushas four different types, newlineinfluenza A, Influenza B, Influenza C and influenza D among which influenza A and newlineB are reportedly involved in pandemics, epidemics and seasonal epidemics. Various newlinestrains are further classified based on the two common surface antigens i.e newlineHaemagglutinin and neuraminidase, for example, H1N1 influenza A has newlinehaemagglutinin 1, neuraminidase 1 antigen and influenza type A. newlineStructurally, influenza has single-stranded RNA in its genome which is newlinesegmented into 10 separate gene segments. Every gene segment encodes a separate newlineviral protein. It has a filamentous appearance and 80 to 120 nm diameter. 6 singlestranded newlinepositive-sense RNA constitute the genome size of 13.5 Kb. Important gene newlinesegments are PB2, PB1, PB1-F2, PB10N40, PA, HA, NA, M1, M2, NP, NS1 and newlineNEP/NS2. The extreme ends of gene segments are highly conserved. A 550 amino newlineacid protein HA preliminarily interacts with the host cell membrane by its globular newlinehead which is encoded by the viral RNA segment 4. The process facilitates viral newlineintake. On the other side, the neuraminidase enzyme, a protein with 454 amino acids newlinemade from the viral DNA gene segment 6 facilitates viral escape from the infected newlinecell. Oseltamivir and zanamivir like Neuraminidase inhibitors work as antiviral newlinedrugs, typically preventing viral escape thereby reducing infectivity. Oseltamivir is newlineone such antiviral drug often known as Tamiflu is considered for the present study newlinefor investigating drug efficiency against H1N1. In addition, the antiviral drug newlineresistance properties of virions are determined using techniques like RT-PCR, DNA newlinesequencing and Neuraminidase inhibitory assays. newlineThe present study was performe