Designing of Stimuli Responsive Metal Oxide Impregnated Casein Nano Particles and Evaluation of their Release Potential for Enhancing Soil Fertility

Abstract

This study centers on creating and examining casein nanoparticles loaded with Fe, Cu, and Zn through an emulsion cross-linking technique. To characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, several analytical approaches such as the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy using the Fourier transform (FTIR), zeta potential evaluation, Raman spectrum analysis, and XPS, which is an X-ray photoelectron were used. Furthermore, the releasing properties of the loaded nanoparticles were examined as well as their prospective use in agricultural applications. In this study, Fe, Cu, and Zn were chosen as the loaded metals due to their essential role as micronutrients for plant growth and development. newlineThe co-precipitation method was employed to encapsulate Fe, Cu, and Zn within casein nanoparticles. This technique involves the formation of an emulsion consisting of casein, loaded metals, and a cross-linking agent. Subsequently, cross-linking occurs, leading to the formation of nanoparticles with the loaded metals encapsulated within the casein matrix. This approach ensures the stability and controlled release of the loaded metals. newlineRaman spectroscopy and XPS were utilized to further characterize the chemical configuration and bonding positions of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the release potential of the loaded nanoparticles was determined through controlled release studies. These studies aimed to investigate the sustained release of Fe, Cu, and Zn from the nanoparticles over time. The release profiles demonstrated the controlled and gradual release of the loaded metals, indicating the potential of the nanoparticles for sustained nutrient delivery in agricultural applications. newlineIron is essential for plant development and blooming because it plays a role in the formation of chlorophyll along with other metabolic activities. To fulfill the nutritional requirements, magnetic carriers coated with casein were developed. These carriers possess a core-shell nanostructure and are loaded with copper oxide, iron oxi