Cascaded multi level inverter design by phase shift pwm modulation approach for pulse generation for the electroporation

Abstract

Electroporation is a technique to apply a pulse electric field (PEF) effectively to a live newlinecell to increase permeability of the cell membrane. The increased permeability allows the newlinetransport of external compounds or molecules into the cell. The essential component of the newlineelectroporator is the pulse generator. The effect of the electroporation process depends on the newlinenature of the formation of pores and electric field strength. The effectiveness of electroporation newlinemainly relies on different parameters such as amplitude voltage of the generated pulse, newlinefrequency of the pulses, and its duty cycle. The pulse generators provide the required electric newlinepotential to generate desired voltage across the biological cell membrane. The pulse generator newlineproduces the pulses with voltage levels in 100 volts to kV range while the pulse duration of the newlinepulses is required from milliseconds to microseconds. Hence, the challenge in the pulse newlinegenerator is to maintain the pulse shape and ensuring the restrictions to overshoot of the voltage newlineimpulse. newline