Power aware spectrum sensing and qos constrained load balanced multicast routing in crahn

Abstract

The CRAHN (Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network) lacks a centralized newlineinfrastructure and is thus mobile. Users of Cognitive Radio (CR) interact with one newlineanother using unlicensed and licensed spectrum ad hoc connection. CRAHN may be newlineformed by either a stationary or mobile CR user. These networks lack infrastructure, newlinethus radio nodes will have to work together to transmit messages. newlineThe multicast routing protocol is used to transmit data from a source to newlinemultiple destinations that are grouped together to form a multicast group. A multicast newlinerouting protocol should be efficient to consider frequent node movements and newlinetopology changes to packet drops during a multicast session. Moreover bandwidth newlineutilization, channel interference and channel quality should also be considered during newlinemulticast tree construction.The development of channel assignment approaches in CRAHNs may increasenetwork performance. In order to avoid interference among secondary nodes and limitinterference to PUs, channel assignments are made to cognitive radio interfaces based newlineon the availability of secondary users (SUs).A multi-constrained Quality of Service (QoS) multicast routing strategy in CRAHN is presented in order to address these challenges. Distributed MinimumSpanning Trees (DMST) is used to build multicast trees. Relay nodes are selected based on their route delay, energy consumption, and interference. For a successful CA channel selection procedure, a high-quality channel, maximal spectrum access, and sufficient common slots are necessary. The amount of potential channels in the route, the number of spectrum change events created by Primary Users (PUs), and the consideration of periodic spectrum sensing functions all limit the Quality of Service of end-to-end routing in CRAHN. Although throughput maximization can result in excessive energy usage, the spectrum sensing technique should solve the energy-throughput trade-off. Energy conservation measures should be included in an efficient multicast protocol to reduce the power consumption of all nodes in a multicast group. As a result, for cooperative spectrum sensing, a joint power control and adaptive sleeping policy has been proposed. In this scheme, the maximum allowable transmit power is determined using the measured SNR values at the PU newline