Investigation of various elliptical and circular hollow core photonic crystal fiber sensors for the detection of hazardous gases

Abstract

Optical sensor devices have been chosen as a replacement for rigid electronic devices. When compared to optical sensors, electronic sensor has significant limitations such as high production cost, complex procedures and efficiency. Electromagnetic and thermal noise too can influence electronic sensors. Physical sensing based on an optical platform is now widely used to sense complex environments and their surroundings such as temperature, humidity, strain, stress, pressure, and torsion. As a result, optical sensor devices have been identified as a viable alternative for gas sensing applications due to their low cost, low noise/interference, higher sensitivity, rapid response, efficiency, and sleekness. The typical Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) is constructed of fused silica with a linear fashion of voids or air holes running parallel to its axis. In contrast to traditional optical fibers, the core and cladding are made of the same material. PCFs have received considerable attention in sensor development due to their unique advantages such as design flexibility, light-controlling capabilities, quick detection response, and miniaturized structure. Furthermore, by varying the structural parameters of PCFs, such as air hole diameters, pitch (and#42213;c) size, and the number of rings, the evanescent field can be governed; as a result, it has a wide range of potential applications, particularly in sensing. As the number of sensors is available for the detection of temperature, pressure, strain and gas, this research work focus on the detection of hazardous gases which are harmful to human being. The ultimate aim is to detect different gases with a single sensor. The hazardous gases such as Sulfur dioxide [SO2] (25oC), Sulfur trioxide [SO3] (20oC), Tetra choloro silane [SiCl4] (25oC), Tetra choloro CH4 [CCl4] (25o [C10H16] (25oC) and Tin terrachloride [SnCl4] (25oC) are sensed by Hollow Core-Photonic Crystal Fiber (HC-PCF) gas sensor. These gases are very harm to human being and causes serious issues. Some of the issues of these gases are skin burn, affect the respiratory system, liver and kidney damage. As these gases are very harm to the human and the emission of these gases are increasing every day. In order to detect these types of hazardous gases three different methods of PCF gas sensors are designed. In the first method, Vertical-PCF (V-PCF) and Horizontal-PCF (H-PCF) gas sensors are designed to detect SO2 gas. In both gas sensors core consists of a single layer of eight holes and the cladding consists of three layers, among these three layers, the outer two layers decide the type of sensor. If the air holes shape of the outer two layers is vertical, then the name of the sensor is V-PCF gas sensor newline