Clustering in cooperative cognitive Radio networks based on mobility Aware hybridized algorithm for Optimization

Abstract

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a fast-evolving technology that can be newlineused to make better use of the radio spectrum. With advancements in wireless newlinetechnology, the use of spectrum combined with a scarcity of resources has newlinebecome a major factor. More optimization intelligence algorithms are newlinerequired for simultaneous problem solving and to improve the efficiency of newlinethe system under examination. According to data supplied by the Federal newlineCommunications Commission (FCC), spectral consumption increased by newline86 percent from 15 percent in the last few decades. The FCC has identified newlineCR as the most promising technology in this area.CR is an intelligent wireless newlinecommunication system that is aware of its surrounding environment. This newlineuses the understanding-by-building methodology to learn from the newlineenvironment and adapt its internal states to statistical variations in incoming newlineRadio Frequency (RF) stimuli. Thus, this systems makes corresponding newlinechanges in certain operating parameters (e.g., transmit power, carrierfrequency, newlineand modulation strategy) in real-time, with the goal of highly newlinereliable communication. Primary Users (PUs) are licensed users according to newlineCR, but Secondary Users (SUs) have less priority to use this spectrum and are newlineunlicensed users. newlineIn general, three spectrum-sharing schemes have been proposed: newlineThe first is Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA), in which SUs can access newlinethe spectrum that is allotted to PUs when none of the PUs is using it, also newlineknown as interweave mode. The second approach is Spectrum Sharing (SS), newlinewhich allows PUs and SUs to transmit at the same time while ensuring that newlinethe SU does not cause too much interference to the PU. newline