Experimental investigation on variable compression ratio engine using nanoparticles kapok oil methyl ester and diesel blend with egr

Abstract

Ever-increasing conventional fuel costs and negative impact on newlineenvironmental conditions are the twin crises that cause worry in the present newlineworld. Growing countries like India and China are grappling with the trouble newlineof meeting the ever-increasing vehicle population, depending on fossil fuels, newlinelegal requirements, and limited resources. To reduce the dependency on fossil newlinefuels and stringent emission norms enforce the use of renewable fuels for a newlinediesel engine. At present, some of the alternative fuels like biodiesel, alcohols newline(ethanol, methanol, and butanol), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), hydrogen, newlineacetylene, and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are in the line to replace the newlinefossil fuels for IC engines. newlineVegetable oil is a potential energy resource and is used as an newlinealternative fuel. However, it has some concerns when using in CI engines, newlinesuch as clogging in the injector, poor thermal efficiency, low energy value newlineand high viscosity. To resolve this issue, the neat vegetable oil is converted newlineinto biodiesel through a transesterification process to drop the oil viscosity. newlineThe biodiesel form of Kapok oil is called kapok methyl ester (KME). newlineThe KME can be directly used as an alternative fuel in CI under most newlineoperating conditions without the need for any modification. At the beginning newlineof the investigation, the KME is extracted and its physical properties are newline