Heteroatom doped porous carbon materials for super capacitor application

Abstract

Nowadays, as the world population and the advancements in newlinetechnology are growing faster, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly. newlineAccording to the Global Energy Department, the world has relied mainly on newlinefossil fuels so far and will be exhausted in the near future. Moreover, the newlineburning of fossil fuels produces a large amount of CO2 emissions, which in newlineturn lead to global warming as a result of greenhouse effect. Considering the newlineabove fact, finding the sources of energy is essential in the present scenario newlinewhich should meet the energy demand and global warming concerns. The newlineinconsistency of the renewable sources such as solar and wind were newlinedeveloped everywhere. But to provide continuous power, efficient energy newlinestorage systems are highly required. Mainly there are four kinds of energy storage systems exist (i) conventional capacitors (ii) batteries (iii) supercapacitors and (iv) fuel cells. newlineThe supercapacitor is a promising one because it has fast charging and newlinedischarging properties, high power density, excellent cycling stability, easy newlinemaintenance etc. According to the literature, the electrode materials play a newlinepredominant role in the performance of a supercapacitor. Typically, carbon, newlinetransition metal oxide/sulfide, and conducting polymers are utilized as newlineelectrode materials for supercapacitor. In which, transition metal newlineoxide/sulfides and the conductive polymers showed higher capacitance, but newlinethey have poor cycling stability, higher cost, and environmental hazards. On newlinethe other hand, carbon-based electrode materials are superior because they newlinepossess high surface area, good electronic conductivity, easier availability, newlineeco-friendliness, lower cost, excellent electrochemical stability, and easier newlineprocess. Among the various morphologies of carbon materials, porous carbon newlinewith a spherical shape and three dimensional (3D) cubic order mesoporous newlinecarbons are the promising candidates as electrode materials for newlinesupercapacitor. Further, to improve the energy storage capacity, the doping of newlineheteroatoms (N, B, P, S)