Inhibition of encrustation in urinary catheter by nanoparticles and phytoactive compounds

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common healthcare associated newlineinfection. Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) accounts for newline75% of UTI. Almost 30 % of the hospitalized patients undergo short-term newlinecatheterization and develops bacteriuria. Common catheter infecting pathogens newlineare E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Enterococci, Candida and newlineProteus. Urease positive organisms form crystalline biofilm in the urinary newlinecatheter that leads to the blockage of catheter. This results in pyelonephritis, newlineurolithiasis, prostatitis and septicaemia. To circumvent the problem of bacterial newlineadhesion and biofilm formation, urinary catheters are coated with antimicrobial newlineagents such as antibiotics, silver ions and nanoparticles. The effectiveness of newlinecoated catheters in preventing the attachment and biofilm formation by bacteria newlineare inconsistent and variable results were reporte .Most of the existing research was aimed to functionalize the urinarycatheter to prevent microbial adherence and subsequent biofilm formation. Theantimicrobial agents used for functionalization were different classes of newlineantibiotics. Antibiotics were released slowly from the catheter and not effective newlinein controlling biofilm beyond 7 days. Extensive use of antibiotic resulted in the newlineemergence of antibiotic resistance pathogens. Further research was extended to newlineexploits silver ions and nanomaterials to control biofilm. These agents were newlineineffective against wide range of urease positive organism for extended newlineduration of two weeks. In vitro efficiency of coated catheter did not match with newlinein vivo models. Insights into the efficiency of coated catheters against the newlinevirulence factors of Proteus.mirabilis are insufficient. Considering the above mentioned research gaps, the present work was aimed to target the major virulence factors of P.mirabilis such as biofilm formation, swarming mobility, quorum sensing and urease inhibition. For newlineinvestigating the virulence factors, clinical isolate of P.mirabilis was isolated newlinefrom encrusted urinary