Advertisement valid time triggered fire fly and fruit fly inspired approach for efficient cluster formation and standby ch selection in hierarchical wireless sensor network

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered newlineseminal among the most important technologies in the twenty-first century. newlineWSNs consists of a large number of small sensor nodes with the ability to newlinesense, communicate and process have been widely used in various domains newlinesuch as health care, military purposes, industrial process control, remote newlinecontrol, and environmental monitoring at a low cost. Advances in wireless newlinecommunications and low power design of electronic devices have enabled the newlinedevelopment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consisting of low-cost, newlinelow-power, small and smart sensor nodes that are capable of collecting newlineinformation such as temperature, pressure, vibration, movement by newlinecooperating with each other. The biggest challenge to the successful application of WSNs is newlineenergy conservation since the tiny sensor nodes have very limited resources newlinesuch as energy, memory as well as communication and computation newlinecapacities. Once the sensor nodes are placed or deployed in a region, they are newlineleft unattended and battery recharge is practically impossible because human newlinebeings are not able to go to the target area where the physical condition is newlinevery poor. For this reason, the key research on any WSN protocol is to make newlineefficient use of battery power. Energy consumption of the sensor nodes newlinegenerally depends on sensing, processing and routing of the data. Currently, newlinemost of the researchers mainly concentrate on the reduction of energy newlinedepletion in routing the data because there is only limited scope to minimize newlinethe energy consumption used for sensing and processing the data. newlineSo far, many research findings have been carried out in the design of newlineenergy-efficient routing for WSNs viz. flat, hierarchical and location-based newlinerouting. Hierarchical routing protocols proved to be successful in saving newlineconsiderable energy consumption in WSN. Since the hierarchical routing is newlinebeing dynamic cluster based routing method, there will be frequent re-election newlineprocess due to cluster head failure or when its energy leve