Design of Implantable Antenna as a Sensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring System

Abstract

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there is a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period. It may also cause cardiovascular problems, strokes, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes. It costs the world economy billions of dollars a year for treatment. Monitoring newlinethe blood glucose level is a critical task during treatment. Common devices used to treat diabetes include glucometers, insulin pumps, and continuous glucose monitors. Currently, many biosensors assess interstitial glucose levels (IG) using interstitial fluids within the epidermis. Because of their disadvantages, like high cost and shorter life span, these sensors are out of the reach of middle-class and lower middle-class patients. To overcome this problem, there is a need to design a low-cost, long-lasting, and reliable glucose sensor. Many technologies for continuous monitoring are being developed to provide unique glucose sensors for use in diabetic patients daily lives, including optical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic. Most of the continuous glucose monitoring products available in the market use invasive or minimally invasive electrochemical sensors. Various recent studies have concentrated on the sensing capabilities of antennas rather than on their typical uses. Gradually, the antenna as a sensor will replace the conventional sensor due to its numerous advantages, including low profile, small size, light weight, low cost, energy efficiency, and inherent reliability. These antenna sensors are also clinically validated using the globally accepted Clarke error grid method. The results demonstrate that the implantable antennas described can be used for continuous glucose monitoring. These antennas have favourable radiation properties. These antenna sensors are small, simple, inexpensive, and reliable, and they could serve as a feasible option to current glucose sensors.