Studies on application of coffee husk derived activated biomass and nanometal oxides in environmental remediation

Abstract

ABSTRACT newlineRapid industrialisation in the past few decades modernised the world and benefited newlinehuman life. However, increased population growth, unplanned urbanisation, agricultural newlinepractices and unscientific disposal of industrial effluents severely affected the newlineenvironment by releasing toxic pollutants (organic and inorganic) or biological contaminants. newlineWater pollution due to the release of these contaminants is of major concern and newlinean important global issue because it significantly poses a threat to public health and newlineecosystem. Among various water pollutants, dyes are the most critical contaminants newlinereleased by several industrial activities such as textiles, leather, rubber, plastic, paper, newlinepaint, etc. It attracts the attention of environmentalists because it deteriorates water newlineaesthetics and affects the photosynthetic activity by reducing sunlight penetration newlinein aquatic bodies. It also imparts toxic effects on aquatic life and also damages human newlinehealth by acting as mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. Owing to their complex, newlinesynthetic and aromatic structure, dyes are considered as recalcitrant pollutants and newlinedifficult to degrade in the environment and proper treatment is extremely pertinent. newlineCompared to several dye removal techniques adsorption gained a lot of importance newlinedue to their several advantages such as low initial cost, simple operation, flexibility, newlineease of process design and generation of zero secondary pollutants. Commercially newlinemany adsorbents such as activated carbon, alumina, zeolites are applied in treatment newlineof industrial effluents but their high cost and difficulty in reusability have motivated newlineresearchers to find alternative, economical and efficient adsorbents for amputation of newlinea diverse group of dye molecules. In the present day, the attention has turned towards newlineexploitation of agricultural waste as they are renewable green adsorbents and of newlinelow cost and efficiency in the removal of pollutants. But secondary pollution caused newlineby leachables from agricultural waste hinders its direct application in