Studies on the production of biodiesel from tannery sludge using ferric manganese doped sulphated zirconia and cesium oxide

Abstract

The reduction of fossil fuel extraction from a reservoir beneath the newlineearth s surface leads to create energy demand all over the globe. As well as the newlinerate of demand for fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas rapidly newlineincreasing at a higher level leads to energy scarcity. These non-renewable newlineenergy sources like petroleum-based energy are on the other hand emerges to newlinehike in prices and are a major threat to the environment in producing enormous newlineamounts of pollutants. Thus, many kinds of research have been focused on newlinedeveloping an alternative source of energy that should be renewable and newlineenvironmentally friendly. These issues directed the research to look after newlinevarious areas of biofuel, biomass, fuel cell, and solar cell. The replacement for newlinepetroleum fuel in the transport sector is the renewable liquid fuel possessing newlineneutral carbon. Among the various renewable biofuel sources, biodiesel newlineproduced from renewable feedstock such as vegetable oil, animal fat, and newlinemicroalgae seems to be a potentially sustainable, alternative as they are newlinebiodegradable and non-toxic. newlineThe current scenario expels that over 75% of the overall cost of biodiesel newlineproduction is based on feedstock. Therefore it is vital to select a low-cost newlinefeedstock for producing biodiesel. So, the use of cheap non-edible oil, animal newlinefat, and waste oil is to be utilized for producing biodiesel at a most efficient cost newlinethrough effective way. newlineMany researchers focused on biodiesel, which could be a better newlinealternative for petroleum diesel fuel, due to its origin from renewable resources. newlineThe direct use of pure vegetable oil or animal fat under a shorter-term test newlineprovided a hopeful result, but over a longer-term test leads to many problems in newlinethe engine such as coking, deposits, ring sticking of lubricants. newline