Inhibition of encrustation in urinary catheter by nano particles and phytoactive compounds

Abstract

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) accounts for newline75% of UTI. Almost 30 % of the hospitalized patients undergo short-term newlinecatheterization and develops bacteriuria. Common catheter infecting pathogens newlineare E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Enterococci, Candida and newlineProteus. Urease positive organisms form crystalline biofilm in the urinary newlinecatheter that leads to the blockage of catheter. This results in pyelonephritis, newlineurolithiasis, prostatitis and septicaemia. To circumvent the problem of bacterial newlineadhesion and biofilm formation, urinary catheters are coated with antimicrobial newlineagents such as antibiotics, silver ions and nanoparticles. The effectiveness of newlinecoated catheters in preventing the attachment and biofilm formation by bacteria newlineare inconsistent and variable results were reported. Most of the existing research was aimed to functionalize the urinary catheter to prevent microbial adherence and subsequent biofilm formation. The antimicrobial agents used for functionalization were different classes of antibiotics. Antibiotics were released slowly from the catheter and not effective in controlling biofilm beyond 7 days. Extensive use of antibiotic resulted in the newlineemergence of antibiotic resistance pathogens. Further research was extended to newlineexploits silver ions and nanomaterials to control biofilm. These agents were newlineineffective against wide range of urease positive organism for extended newlineduration of two weeks. In vitro efficiency of coated catheter did not match with newlinein vivo models. Insights into the efficiency of coated catheters against the newlinevirulence factors of Proteus.mirabilis are insufficient. newline newline