Some investigations on power system restoration using evolutionary algorithm

Abstract

The modern Power grid is made up of conventional bulk hydro, newlinethermal, gas turbine, Diesel and nuclear power stations and renewable energy newlinesources like solar photo voltaic, wind generators, geysers, tidal power and newlinebiomass generation. Emphasis is made for distributed generation with RES newlineand small generators with the aim of generation at load points to reduce newlinetransmission line loss and to increase the reliability and the concept of micro newlinegrid is evolving. The micro grids can be operated isolated from the main grid newlineor it can be grid connected. In the case of a trouble in the main grid, the newlinemicro grids get isolated and operate in an isolated manner. The fast depleting newlinefossil fuels, the need for clean environment and the aging conventional newlinesystems have compelled to go in for RES. To tap the solar and wind power, newlineeven roof-top and facade installation of SPV and wind generators are newlineencouraged.. The small generators with storage can take part in dispatch and newlinethese aggregated in a predefined area constitute virtual power plant capable newlineof supplying real and imaginary power. In the demand response (DR) regime, newlinein the micro grids the energy flow is bidirectional even in the case of small newlineinstallations and the grid is evolving into smart grid with bidirectional energy newlineflow and bidirectional communication also. The modern transmission system is the same as the legendary one and is made up of HVAC (765,400,230/220, 132/110kV) and HVDC(e.g. newline500kV), large grid stations with a variety of bus layouts, large transformers newlinewith OLTC and STATCOM devices etc. The conventional radial distribution newlinesystem with flow from source to the load has now becoming bidirectional in newlinethe micro/smart grid environment with the requirement of duplex newlinecommunication system for monitoring and control of devices from newlinehouseholds up to the distribution substations with also act as control centres newlinefor the distribution system. newline newline