Study on Genotoxicity and biochemical alteration in cadmium induced freshwater Indian Catfish

Abstract

Now- a- days pollution increases due to industrialization, technological development and advance living style maintenance of the society. Out of all pollutions heavy metal pollution affects all ecosystems each trophic level through food, air, water, soil and skin by biomagnifications. Due to production of paints, textile dyes, pesticides, alloys, batteries, steel, electroplated metal parts, etc. in their industries the heavy metals are discharged to the water or environment as industrial wastes. There are 23 Heavy metals. Heavy metal becomes toxic because it is accumulated in the soft tissues without metabolized by the body. The entry of heavy metals to the human body may occurred by absorption through the skin, soil, food, water, air etc. and when they meet humans working in industrial or residential settings, pharmaceutical and in agricultural practices. Industrial pollution is the common exposure route for the heavy metals entry to the environment. Minute quantities of the heavy metals are essential for good health and it must be taken in the diet. Due to long time duration or large quantity of any of these may cause chronic or acute toxicity. newline Cadmium is denoted by the chemical symbol Cd and belongs to second transition series of transition metal groups. In the periodic table, Cd is present in the d block, 5Th period and 12th group. Due to Cadmium pollution, Cd enters all the food chains including animal human food chain via air, water, soil, skin and food contamination. Due to its cumulative and noncorrosive nature, it is used in electroplating or galvanizing, dental alloys, cathode material for nickel-cadmium batteries, colour pigments in paints, plastics, smokes, smelting operations, automobiles, motor oil, exhaust, cigarettes, etc which cause cadmium pollution. From natural sources and anthropogenic activities of human beings contributes 10% and rest 90% of the cadmium pollution respectively. newline Clarias batrachus as an experimental animal model, due to its well documented general biology,