Role of Melatonin in Regulation of Testicular Functions Following Toxicants Induced Oxidative Stress in Adult Male Golden Hamster Mesocricetus Auratus

Abstract

The compromised reproductive health and increase rate of male infertility in recent newlineyears has got a great concern worldwide. Infertility is a global reproductive health issue and is newlineaffecting almost 15% of couples worldwide. It has been a serious concern for those human newlinebeings, who are willing to bear but unable to bear a child, that increases a serious social and newlinemental trauma for human. Several factors are responsible for the decline rate of fertility such newlineas global industrialization, altered lifestyle, environmental toxins, microbial infections, and newlinepathological complications. newlineEnvironmental pollutants/toxicants had a severe negative impact on reproductive newlinehealth. There are several environmental contaminants, among the various pollutants, fluoride newlineis being one of them. Safe drinking water is a basic need for all living beings but it has been newlinecontaminated with a high concentration of fluoride worldwide. Fluoride contamination also newlineoccurs through various industrial products. Excessive fluoride exposure is associated with newlineskeletal fluoresces and its prolonged exposure has severe detrimental effects on soft tissues newlinesuch as reproductive organs. Fluoride exposure induces the generation of free radicals, newlineconsequently induction of testicular oxidative stress. Numerous synthetic chemicals are newlinefrequently used in industrial products such as Bisphenols, widely used in the industries to newlinemanufacture several products, such as baby bottles, plastic containers, and dental sealants. newlineBecause of a wide range of industrial applications, endocrine disruption activity, and potential newlinesevere effects on human health, the use of BPA has been restricted in several countries. About newlineconcerning these restrictions, BPS has already come in to use in the production of several newlineindustrial products including plastics, thermal paper, epoxy resins, currency bills, infant newlinefeeding bottles, canned food items, and medical equipment. BPS has a potentially severe newlineimpact on human health and it was shown to have endocrine-disrupting activity. BPS has newlineappeared in human urine, milk, and saliva on a global basis. Human is exposed to these newlinecontaminants throughout the life, accumulated in the various organs and caused reproductive newlineorgan damages by many ways such as epigenetic modification, receptor modification, newlineendocrine disruption, cell damages, and germ cell apoptosis. Many pathophysiological causes newlinecontribute to the increased rate of male infertility. People are getting exposed regularly to newlinedifferent microbes such as bacteria (Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), viruses (mumps, newlineinfluenza, corona), and parasites (Trichomonas vaginalis). Microbial infections in the male newlinereproductive tract are linked with several inflammatory disorders (such as orchitis) and newlinesubsequently impaired spermatogenesis newline