Phytofabrication of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Antivirulence Activities against Candida Albicans

Abstract

The infectious diseases caused by fungus are the most common: the Candida albicans standard and prominent pathogenic yeasts present in humans and many animals. C. albicans fungus exists in a dimorphic form in nature and a gut of a healthy human. Still, in immunocompromised patients, the Candida can be an opportunistic pathogen by forming biofilm, which follows a transition between a commensal to a pathogenic phase. The primary reason for mortality in immunocompromised individuals is due to a severe form of invasive Candidiasis. In this situation, it is impossible to remove or eliminate the fungal infection because by the time it gains resistance to fungal drugs, it increases its potential to cause disease. Hence, there is a need for the formation of new alternatives for anti-fungal medications. The CuNPs and CuO NPs are very cheap and readily available to form nanoformulations. Such nanoformulations are made up of plant materials, which are already biocompatible with the biological entity. The plant material is chosen in such a way that it never cause infections and side effects in patients; therefore, a kind of medicinal plant was chosen to synthesize NPs from it. These nanoformulations are widely used nowadays in various fields, e.g. biomedical, electronics, therapeutic, photothermal, sanitisers, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial drug etc. The biogenic NPs are recommended over chemically synthesized NPs due to the side effects caused by the chemical NPs.Therefore, the plant extract from medicinal plants such as Tinospora cordifolia stem extract, Mangifera indica leaves extract, Enicostemma axillare (Lam) Raynal leaves extract, Melia azedarach leaves extract is used in our present study to show that biogenic synthesis is an economically feasible, non-polluting and straightforward process. newlineThere are a lot of applications of biogenically synthesized CuNPs are also discussed. Also, this study focuses on the synthesis and extraction of compounds such as CuNPs and CuO NPs with anti-microbial properties as anti-biofilm o