International Migration Inter generational Linkages and Households Spending Behaviour in Kerala and Punjab

Abstract

Human beings always strive for a better life. Hence, people do not hesitate to newlineleave their homeland to get better standard of living for themselves and their family. newlineThe process of emigration can contribute significantly to the socio-economic newlinedevelopment in both the countries of origin and destination. At present, India occupies newlinethe top position in both sending emigrants to abroad and remittance receipts in the newlineworld. It received over $79 billion remittances from about 17 million emigrants staying newlineacross the countries of the World in 2018. This remittance continues to be the newlinefinancial support for millions of families in India. Particularly, the state of Kerala and newlinePunjab tops the remittance receipts. These remittances help to increased investment newlinein both human and physical capital enormously in these states. Hence, this has newlinehelped the native inhabitants to achieve a better standard of living and in terms of newlinedevelopment indicators, these two states are far ahead of the other Indian states. newlineUsing a household level primary survey, this study mainly focuses on how migration newlinepattern is changing over the generations in these two states. Moreover, this study newlinefinds the effect of remittances on spending and labor supply behaviour of the newlinehousehold members in Kerala and Punjab. We have observed three facts about the newlinechanging migration pattern over the generations: (1) low skilled to highly skilled newlineemigration; (2) Internal to international migration and, comparatively less developed newlinev newlineAsian regions to developed regions of the Global North, West Asian and Oceanian newlineregions; (3) employment driven migration to the student and family type of newlinemigration. This study also observed that the households reporting remittance receipts, newlineon the average, spend more on all types of household expenditure categories. It newlineshows the economic betterment of the recipient households over their non-recipient newlinecounterparts. Moreover, we noticed that the labor force participation among the newlineremittance recipients is lower as compared to the non-recipie