Impregnation of Nanoscale Materials on Cellulose and Activated Carbon prepared from Renewable Biomass for Environmental Applications

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass derived from agricultural by-products has proven to be a promising type of raw material for producing activated carbon (AC). The coconut spathe (CS) biomass was pre-carbonized at 350 °C for 90 min under N2 atmosphere. The pre-carbonized material was treated with porogens such as KOH, H3PO4 and ZnCl2 separately. The dried material was pyrolyzed at 800 °C to get required ACs and corresponding ACs identified as KAC, OAC and ZAC. The prepared material exhibits BET surface area in the range between of 1500-1705 m2/g. The X-ray diffraction spectrum revealed a completely amorphous nature and turbostatic structure. The Langmuir isotherm model was best fitted and adsorption affinity follows in sequence of 4-CP gt 2-CP gt P using KAC. Similarly using OAC and ZAC, adsorption capacity of various nitro-phenols has been studied and its trend follows 4-NP gt 2-NP gt Pgt2,4,6-TNPgt2,4-DNP. Inorganic antimicrobial materials can achieve appropriate disinfection without forming harmful by-product s and are more than organic antimicrobial agents. As a consequence, the interest in inorganic antimicrobial materials such as metals and metal oxides have been growing in recent years. We have prepared three nano hybrid materials such as Ag AC, ZnO AC and Ag/ZnO AC by simple solution impregnation method. Among the three nanohybrid materials, Ag/ZnO AC showed highest antimicrobial activity. The nano tinhydroxide (NTH) was synthesized and its adsorption performance for the removal of phosphate in aqueous phase was examined by batch method. The NTH adsorbent could effectively capture phosphate ions in pH 2and#8722;6 and inner-sphere complexation by NTH nanoparticles. The FTIR and XRD studies confirmed that the substitution of and#8722;OH groups by phosphate species played a key role in their adsorption on NTH, revealing the formation of inner sphere complexation between phosphate and NTH. Cellulose has significant advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, nontoxicity, high stability to most organic solvents and its provide great platform to hold nanomaterials. Here, we have loaded nano Ag2S-ZnS on cellulose and used for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), the oxidation data indicates that RhB dye can be oxidized at a pH and#707; 4 and it follows first-order kinetics and degradation completes by within 150 minutes