Tracing the level and distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of kongsfjorden nyålesund coastal areas of spitsbergen

Abstract

Fifteen cashew varieties were evaluated in quadruplicated randomized block design at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Ullal during the years, 2009-10 and 201011. While the variety, Kanaka was tallest and comparable to Priyanka and Vengurla -1, Ullal -1 was dwarf among the test varieties. The varieties Ullal - 4, Bhaskara, Dhana, Madakkathara - 1 and Vengulra - 7 produced compact type of canopy; Ullal-1, Ullal-3, Kanaka, UN-50 and Amrutha exhibited sparse canopy; and canopy shape of the rest of the varieties was intermediate. Vengurla 7, followed by Ullal-3 and Kanaka produced larger leaves compared to other varieties as indicated by highest leaf area index (LAI). The numbers of hermaphrodite and male flowers in a panicle are important determinants of nut and kernel yield. Per panicle, numbers of male flowers were highest in Ullal-1 and lowest in Ullal-3. Similarly, Ullal-2 bore panicles with highest numbers of hermaphrodite flowers. The ratio of number of male to hermaphrodite flowers (sex ratio) was highest in Ullal-3 and was comparable to that of Ullal-1 and Ullal-2. newline The variety UN-50 was the highest kernel yielder. The variety, Priyanka was the highest nut yielder closely followed by Madakkathara - 2. The varieties, UN-50, Priyanka and Ullal 3 produced internationally acceptable grades of kernels as indicated by 180 kernels per pound. Ullal 1, Vengurla 7, Bhaskara, Dharashri and Madakkathara -2 also produced internationally acceptable grades of kernels as indicated by 210 kernels per pound. Further, Madakkathara -1, Ullal 2, Ullal 4, Vengurla 7, Dhana, Amrutha and Kanaka were the other varieties which produced internationally acceptable grades of kernels as indicated by 240 kernels per pound. The variety, Vengurla - 7 produced significantly heaviest apples and UN-50 bore highest juicy apples. newline