Design and analysis of mains mark signaling based modulation demodulation technique for power line communications

Abstract

One of the major environmental challenges faced today is dealing with the climate change CO2 is an important greenhouse gas that traps heat energy in the atmosphere and it contributes to about 80 percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions Generating electricity with coal results in CO2 emission of about 0.98 kg per kWh of energy produced. National Aeronautics and Space Administration reports that the CO2 levels in the air are at their highest levels in 650 000 years at 400 ppm and that the global temperature has increased by 0.8 °C since 1880s In India coal based power generation contributes to about 66 percentof total electricity generated and in the electric power sector, T and D losses were reported to be 19 percent during the year 2013 The corresponding figure for the world during the same period was about 8 percent Further the T and D losses account for about 0.7percent of the GDP of the country Hence from both environmental and economic considerations there is a very urgent need to improve efficiency in electric power sector Concerned about the huge losses in the power sector the Government of India launched the Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme ARDRP in 2002 The main objective of this programme was to upgrade the power distribution system to reduce T and D losses and the target was to reduce these losses to 15 percent in 2011 However this target could not be reached and even in 2013 these losses were at 19 percent Experience in many parts of the world has shown that it is possible to reduce the distribution losses in a reasonably short period of time by putting in place a system for accurate energy accounting, such as an Automated Meter Reading AMR system newline