Studies of synthesis and characterization of borate glass containing alkali oxides and transition metal ion

Abstract

Glass is an amorphous solid material. Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent understanding the relationship between glass composition thermal history, handing and properties of the glass is essential for the production of reproducible high quality products with exact desired properties for a given application. Glass is commonly defined as an inorganic product of fusion, which is cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. However, more generally glass can be defined as an amorphous solid, completely lacking in long range periodic atomic structure and exhibiting a region of glass transformation behavior. In the widest sense, substance that solidifies from the liquid state without crystallization is known as glass physically glass is regarded as an amorphous, transparent or Semitransparent, super cooled liquid of infinite viscosity. The presence of glasses in our everyday life is so common that we rarely notice their existence. Early Egyptians considered glasses as precious materials, as evidenced by the glass beads found in the tombs and golden death masks of ancient pharaohs. The cave-dwellers of even earlier times relled on chipped pieces of obsidian, a natural volcanic glass, for tools and weapons. The ancient Egyptians possibly knew glass making 6000 years ago. The temple of Belus was constructed with bricks colour with glass enamel in Egypt about 2000 years ago. After words, Alexandria became the centre of glass industry and the knowledge of glass manufacture passed from the East to Greece and Europe In the first century B.C. Romans established a few glass factories in their country. England, France Germany started glass making in 15th and 16th century. The first scientific glass was prepared in 1854 by Germans in Jena. Possibly the production of glass owes its beginning to an accident. An illustration of such possibility is described by Velain. The glass was formed by the burning of grain and the fusion of the ash, as a result of fire caused by lightning.