Green synthesis of biologically active silver nanobioconjugates using eugenol and resveratrol and their plant sources Piper betle leaves and Vitis vinifera seeds

Abstract

Cancer is the term used for a disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. This disease can spread from one part to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems (US National Cancer Institute, 2014). Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in India. The WHO reported that the incidence of cancer in India is expected to be about 700,000 in the coming years. About 21.7 million new cases are expected to be diagnosed and 13 million cancer deaths are expected to be recorded in 2030 worldwide. Cancer incidence rate is almost 25% higher in men than in women (www.cancer.org; Estanquerio et al., 2015). It is a terminal disease, many-a-times leading to death. The cancer death rates based on geographic variation and the trends reflect differences, based on various risk factor patterns such as alcohol, smoking, life style, genetics, insufficient physical activity and obesity, as well as distribution of poverty and heath care access (Siegel et al., 2015). In modern socio-economic systems, cancer represents a stressful problem. The main treatment of cancer are surgery and radiation, recommended for the local treatments. Another option is injection of a cytotoxic drug, which is known as chemotherapy. It has been the traditional system for treating cancer. It has low efficacy for some types of cancer such as lung, pancreatic and ovarian cancer and also creates cytotoxic effects in healthy tissues. The escape of cancer cells from chemotherapy is a major reason for systemic cancer treatment failure. So far, only limited progress has been made in the fight against cancer (Coccia and Wang, 2015; Estanquerio et al., 2015; Santoni et al., 2015; www.cancer.org). However, research efforts worldwide have opened up several promising avenues in our fight to conquer cancer.The target of the present study was to optimize the appropriate method for the synthesis of silver nanobioconjugates from betel (Piper betle) leaves (Athur variety), grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds